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Showing posts with label child abuse. Show all posts
Showing posts with label child abuse. Show all posts

Monday, December 31, 2018

CHILD ABDUCTION, CHILD ABUSE


CHILD ABDUCTION, CHILD ABUSE


CHILD:


  • A young human being below the age of puberty.
  • An unborn or newborn human being.

CHILD ABDUCTION:


DESCRIPTION:

  • Child abduction is the kidnapping of a child (or infant) by an older person.

OCCURRENCES:

  • A stranger may kidnap a child for criminal or mischievous purposes.
  • A stranger may kidnap a child (or infant) to bring up him or her as that person's own child.
  • A parent removes or retains a child from the other parent's care (often in the course of or after divorce proceedings).

→  Because of the increased independence that occurs in the preschool-age child, parents are less able to provide the constant protection they once did when the child reaches this age; interventions (including teaching the child) that ensure protection are necessary.

INTERVENTIONS:

Instruct the parents to teach a child basic guidelines about personal safety that include the following:

  • Do not go anywhere alone.
  • Always tell an adult where he or she is going and when he or she will return.
  • Say no if he or she feels uncomfortable with a situation.
  • Do not talk with strangers or get into their cars.
  • Do not help anyone look for a lost dog or ct and do not accept candy from a stranger.
  • If lost in a store, do not wander around looking for the parents; go at once to a clerk or guard.

Children need to learn their full name, address, and parent's name.
Watch for post traumatic stress disorder in any child who has experienced an abduction.


CHILD ABUSE:


  • Non accidental physical injury or the non accidental act of omission of care by a parent or person responsible for a child; includes neglect and physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment.

DESCRIPTION:

  • Neglect can be in the form of physical or emotional neglect and involves the deprivation of basic needs, supervision, medical care, or education and failure to meet a child's needs for attention and affection.
  • Sexual abuse can involve incest, molestation, exhibitionism, pornography, prostitution, or pedophilia; findings associated with sexual abuse may not be easily apparent in a child.
  • Shaken baby syndrome is caused by the violent shaking of an infant and results in intracranial (usually sub-dural hemorrhage) trauma; this can lead to cerebral edema and death.

ASSESSMENT:


NEGLECT:

  • Inadequate weight gain
  • Poor hygiene
  • Consistent hunger
  • Inconsistent school attendance
  • Constant fatigue
  • Reports of lack of child supervision
  • Delinquency

PHYSICAL ABUSE:

  • Unexplained bruises,burns,or fractures
  • Bald spots on the scalp
  • Apprehensive child
  • Extreme aggressiveness or withdrawal
  • Fear of parents
  • Lack of crying (older infant, toddler, or young preschool child) when approached by a stranger.
  • Spiral fractures without history of trauma from a ports injury.

EMOTIONAL ABUSE:

  • Speech disorders
  • Habit disorders such as sucking,biting, and rocking
  • Psycho neurotic reactions
  • Learning disorders
  • Suicidal attempts

SEXUAL ABUSE:

  • Difficulty walking or sitting
  • Torn, stained, or bloody underclothing
  • Pain, swelling, or itching of genitals 
  • Bruises, bleeding, or lacerations in genital or anal area
  • Unwillingness to change clothes or unwillingness to participate in gym activities
  • Poor peer relations

SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME:

  • External signs of trauma are usually absent
  • Ophthalmoscopic examination reveals retinal hemorrhages
  • Full bulging fontanels and head circumference greater than expected.

INTERVENTIONS:

  • Support the child during a thorough physical assessment.
  • Assess injuries.
  • If shaken baby syndrome is suspected, monitor the infant for a decrease in level of consciousness, which can indicate increased intracranial pressure (ICP). 
  • Report a case of suspected abuse; nurses are legally required to report all cases of suspected child abuse to the appropriate local or state agency.
  • Place the child in an environment that is safe, preventing further injury.
  • Document information related to the suspected abuse in an objective manner.
  • Assess parents strengths and weaknesses, normal coping mechanism, and presence or absence of support systems.
  • Assist the family in identifying stressors, support systems, and resources.
  • Refer the family to appropriate support groups.

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